EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE is the physical principle behind the pressure tube (Pitot) or pressure-plate anemometer. ... The wind pressure is also used to orient ...

Dynamic wind load gives rise to vertical motion, creating oscillations in any direction. Like the breaking of an overused violin string, oscillations are ...

AXIAL COLUMN SHORTENING In tall buildings, columns carry huge loads which effectively compress the column along its axis. This is commonly known as 'axial ...

A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall. But the term usually refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure without ...

Circular Column: Circular columns are mostly used in piling and elevation of the buildings for aesthetic purposes. In a circular column, more than 4 ...

An engineer needs to carry this calculation out for every column and every floor, summing the results at the end to arrive at a cumulative load for a given ...

Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams. Flat slab is defined as one sided or two-sided ...

Ribbed slabs are slabs cast integrally with a series of closely spaced joists which in turn are supported by a set of beams. The main advantage of ribbed ...

The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two and it bends in ...

SPREADSHEETS FOR CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110 and EC2 User Guide to Excel spreadsheet files for contemporary reinforced concrete design to BS 8110: Part 1, 1997 ...